视频链接: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P6FORpg0KVo
多邻国(Duolingo)创始人 Luis von Ahn 在演讲中探讨了如何利用技术实现全球教育公平。他指出传统教育往往加剧社会不平等,而多邻国通过智能手机平台提供免费的语言学习工具(尤其是英语),直接增强了贫困人群的经济收入潜力。为了在移动设备上与高度成瘾的社交媒体竞争,多邻国借鉴了游戏心理学,将教育内容“游戏化”,通过连胜纪录、人工智能驱动的通知以及独特的品牌互动(如“被动攻击”式的提醒)来提升用户的参与度。这种“免费增值”模式利用富裕国家用户的订阅费来支持贫困地区用户的免费教育,实现了一种知识的再分配。Luis 最终展望了一个将此类游戏化经验推广到数学、物理等更多学科的未来,让屏幕时间转化为高质量的全球普及教育。
Luis von Ahn 出生于危地马拉,一个与墨西哥相邻但更为贫穷的国家。在资源匮乏的环境中,作为独生子的他获得了单亲母亲的全力支持,母亲将所有积蓄和资源都倾注于他的教育上。这种“举全家之力”的投入使他虽然并非出身豪门,却接受了等同于富人阶层的优质基础教育。这段背景成为他改变命运的跳板,使他得以跨越国界前往美国深造,并最终在卡内基梅隆大学(CMU)获得了计算机科学博士学位,随后留校任教。这段跨越阶层的个人成长史,让他深刻意识到教育对个人命运的决定性作用。
"Guatemala is a very poor country and a lot of people talk about education as something that brings equality to different social classes but I always saw it as the opposite and something that brings inequality."
"I was fortunate that I received a rich person's education even though I didn't grow up rich and it's because I'm an only child and my mother who was a single mother spent all of her resources on my education."
尽管社会普遍颂扬教育是促进社会公平、打破阶级壁垒的“伟大的均衡器”,但 Luis 从现实观察中得出了截然相反的结论:在实际操作层面,教育往往是加剧不平等的根源。在贫穷国家,教育变成了一种可以被购买的商品:富有家庭通过购买优质教育资源来确保后代维持财富地位;而贫困家庭的孩子往往连基础的读写能力都难以保障,从而陷入永久贫困的死循环。教育非但没有抹平差距,反而通过资源分配的不均,将贫富差距制度化并代际传递,成为社会分层最隐蔽也最坚固的屏障。
"What happens in practice is that people who have a lot of money can buy themselves a really good education and therefore continue having a lot of money."
"People who don't have very much money barely learn how to read and write and therefore never make a lot of money and this is especially true in poor countries."
基于对教育不平等的深刻反思,Luis 决定利用其计算机科学背景,创造一种能让所有人(无论贫富)平等获取教育的途径。在选择教学科目时,他避开了同样喜爱的数学,转而选择了外语(特别是英语)。逻辑在于:英语在全球有20亿人的庞大需求,且能最直接地提升学习者的收入潜力(例如从普通侍者变为能接待国际游客的酒店侍者),而数学则需要经过物理、工程等长路径转化才能变现。为了实现极致的规模化,他放弃了昂贵的实体学校模式,转向普及率极高的智能手机平台。通过“多邻国”(Duolingo),他试图利用移动技术打破地理与经济壁垒,将高品质教育推向全球每一个角落。
"Knowledge of English can significantly increase your income potential... this is pretty different than many other subjects... in the case of math, just knowledge of math does not increase your income potential."
"Building schools all over the world is simply too expensive on the other hand most of the world's population already has access to a smartphone... so we decided at the time that we would make a way to learn foreign languages on a mobile phone that was accessible to everyone."
"I decided I wanted to do something that would give equal access to education to everyone."
路易斯·冯·安(Luis von Ahn)在创办教育平台时,通过逻辑筛选排除掉数学和计算机科学,转而首选外语教学。核心原因有两点:首先是庞大的受众基础,全球约有20亿人正在学习外语,其中80%的人目标是学习英语;其次是极高的经济转化率,外语能力在大多数国家能直接转化成收入的增长。与数学等学科不同(数学通常需要经过物理、工程等中间学科的长期积累才能变现),语言能力具有“即插即用”的属性,能迅速改变个体的财务状况。
"there's a huge audience for it... there's about two billion people in the world learning a foreign language... about 80% of them are learning English."
"the reason for that is because English can truly transform your life in most countries in the world knowledge of English can significantly increase your income potential."
外语教学(尤其是英语)对社会底层劳动力具有显著的赋能作用,其本质在于技能变现的直接性。路易斯通过对比数学进行了深入阐释:数学知识本身很难立即产生经济效益,学习者必须先掌握数学,再通过学习物理等学科成为土木工程师才能获得高薪。相比之下,语言能力的变现逻辑极度扁平——例如,一名普通餐厅的服务员,只要学会了英语,就能跳槽到涉外酒店工作并获得更高薪水。这种直接的职业晋升通道,使得语言学习成为底层民众摆脱贫困的最高效教育投资。
"take math... just knowledge of math does not increase your income potential because usually you have to learn math to then learn physics to then become a civil engineer like that's how you make more money."
"whereas with languages, if you were a waiter and you learn English now you can be a waiter at a hotel and make more money."
为了实现教育公平,Duolingo 确立了以智能手机(移动端)为唯一载体的战略。理由在于:第一,基建成本,在全球范围内兴建实体学校的资金成本和时间成本过高,完全无法应对全球性的教育缺失;第二,设备普及率,全球大部分人口已经拥有或即将拥有智能手机,这种设备已成为跨越地理和阶级障碍的基础设施。移动平台是目前唯一能够以极低成本、大规模触达数亿贫困地区人口,并向其提供高质量教育资源的路径。
"the only way to really reach a lot of people was by using a mobile phone or a smartphone in particular. See building schools all over the world is simply too expensive."
"most of the world's population already has access to a smartphone and the trend is that that fraction is only going to increase."
多邻国(Duolingo)的创立初衷是解决教育带来的社会不平等。创始人 Luis von Ahn 观察到,在危地马拉等贫困国家,教育往往成为贫富分化的工具——富人购买优质教育巩固地位,而穷人仅能掌握基础读写。为此,多邻国选择“语言学习”作为切入点,因为全球约 20 亿学习者(其中 80% 学习英语)可以通过掌握外语直接提升收入潜力(如从普通服务员变为酒店服务员)。
为了实现真正的平等,多邻国采用了“免费增值”(Freemium)商业模式:用户可以免费学习所有内容,代价是课后观看广告。而来自美国、加拿大等富裕国家的付费订阅用户(旨在去除广告)贡献了公司绝大部分收入。这一机制实质上让富裕国家的资源流向贫困地区,实现了跨国界的财富与教育资源再分配,资助了巴西、越南等国用户的免费教育。
"Education as something that brings equality to different social classes but I always saw it as the opposite and something that brings inequality because what happens in practice is that people who have a lot of money can buy themselves a really good education."
"This is a small form of wealth redistribution because we're basically getting the rich people to pay for the education of everyone."
"English can truly transform your life... knowledge of English can significantly increase your income potential."
在移动互联网时代,教育应用面临的最强对手不是同类软件,而是 TikTok、Instagram 等极具成瘾性的社交媒体和手游。创始人将此博弈比喻为:在极其诱人的“甜点”旁边推销“西兰花”。
多邻国的核心产品策略是“让西兰花吃起来像甜点”。尽管教育很难在纯粹的吸引力上完全等同于社交媒体(因为学习本质上需要付出努力),但多邻国发现一个关键心理差值:用户在刷了两小时短视频后往往会感到虚度光阴的空虚,而学习能带来“意义感”。因此,教育产品只需达到 TikTok 吸引力的 80%-90%,剩下的 10%-20% 缺口可以由用户的内在动机补足。这种策略让原本痛苦的重复性练习转化为了用户愿意主动留存的行为。
"Delivering education over a smartphone is like hoping that people will eat their broccoli but right next to it you put the most delicious dessert ever made."
"What we've done is that we've used the same psychological techniques that apps like Instagram, Tik Tok or mobile games use to keep people engaged but in this case we use them to keep people engaged with education."
"I don't actually believe that there's a way to make an educational app be as engaging as something like Tik Tok... but the good news is that I don't think you have to."
多邻国成功通过一系列高度精密的游戏化机制提升了用户的留存率:
"Streaks have been criticized for getting teens addicted to Snapchat but in the case of an educational app streaks get people to come back to study every day."
"The algorithm for choosing what time to send you a notification is pretty simple: it's 24 hours after they use the product last."
"These passive aggressive notifications are really good at getting people to come back because they feel like our Green Owl mascot has given up on them."
"Most things that you can learn through repetition you can actually gamify and turn into something like dual lingual where people just do it a lot and do it fun."
多邻国的核心策略是将“教育(西兰花)”包装成“娱乐(甜点)”。为了让用户像沉迷社交软件或游戏一样沉迷学习,多邻国引入了“连胜(Streak)”机制。这是一个显眼的计数器,记录用户连续使用产品的总天数。其核心逻辑利用了人类的“损失厌恶”心理:一旦用户建立了较长的连胜记录,他们会因为不愿看到数字归零而产生强烈的动力每天回归。目前,多邻国有超过300万日活用户已连续学习超过365天。数据显示,日本用户的平均连胜天数全球最长,而拉丁美洲用户则相对较短。
"At the highest level, the way we've done this is by making the broccoli taste like dessert." "The reason people come back every day is because well if they don't come back that number resets to zero and people don't want to lose their streak." "In the case of Duolingo, we have over 3 million daily active users that have a streak longer than 365 [days]."
多邻国投入巨资研发了一套精密的人工智能系统,旨在确定发送通知的最佳时机和文案,以最大化用户回归的概率。有趣的是,复杂的AI算法最终得出的结论却极其朴素:发送提醒的最佳时间是用户上次使用产品后的整24小时。背后的逻辑是:如果你昨天下午3点有空,那么今天下午3点大概率也有空。同时,为了避免成为骚扰软件(Spam),多邻国设定了止损线:如果用户连续7天未活跃,系统将彻底停止发送通知。
"We have a very sophisticated AI system that basically chooses when to send the notification and also what to say in each notification to maximize the probability that people come back." "The best time to send people a notification... is 24 hours after they use the product last. Because if you were free yesterday at 3 p.m., you're probably free today at 3 p.m. as well." "We actually stop sending notifications after 7 days of inactivity."
多邻国在用户即将流失时采用了一种特殊的心理战术——“被动攻击式(Passive-aggressive)”通知。当用户连续几天不打卡时,系统会发送最后通牒:“这些提醒似乎没用,我们先停止发送了。”这种看似放弃的姿态反而能激发用户的愧疚感,促使大量用户回归。这种带有“压迫感”的提醒风格,配合其绿色猫头鹰吉祥物Duo的形象,在互联网上引发了大规模的“模因(Meme)”传播,如“不学外语,猫头鹰就会闯入你家”等调侃。Luis指出,教育产品不需要做到100%像TikTok那样吸引人,只需做到80%-90%即可,剩下的10%-20%吸引力可以由用户在获得知识后的“意义感”和“内在动力”补足。
"We started sending this notification to people saying 'Hey, these reminders don't seem to be working. We'll stop sending them for now.' You know what people do when they get this notification? They come back. Passive aggressive works." "Our green owl mascot... he's passive aggressive and also pretty pushy. This has given rise to a lot of memes on the internet that make fun of just the great lengths that he will go through to get you back to learn a language." "It's actually okay if your educational product is only 80 or 90% as engaging at something like TikTok because the other 10 or 20% will be provided by people's internal motivation."
在智能手机上提供教育面临着与TikTok、Instagram等高成瘾性应用的直接竞争。Luis von Ahn提出,教育产品的核心挑战在于如何“让西兰花吃起来像甜点”。多邻国利用了原本用于社交媒体和游戏的心理学技术来维持用户粘性:
Luis认为,教育应用不需要在趣味性上完全等同于社交媒体。虽然猫和明星的吸引力更强,但学习能带来“意义感”,而刷短视频往往带来“空虚感”。只要教育产品的参与度达到娱乐产品的80%-90%,剩下的缺口就能由用户的内在动机和达成目标后的成就感自动填补。
"What we've done is that we've used the same psychological techniques that apps like Instagram Tik Tok or mobile games use to keep people engaged but in this case we use them to keep people engaged but with education."
"I think it's actually okay if your educational product is only 80 or 90% as engaging at something like Tik Tok because the other 10 or 20% will be provided by people's internal motivation."
"When you're learning something you get meaning out of it whereas when you're scrolling for 2 hours on Instagram a lot of times afterwards you feel like you just wasted your time."
多邻国通过移动端极大地降低了获取教育的门槛,解决了实体学校建设成本过高的问题。Luis 指出,语言学习(尤其是英语)具有直接提升收入潜力的功能,是打破贫富差距的关键。 为了实现真正的平等,多邻国采用了“免费+订阅”(Freemium)的商业模式:
"There are more people learning languages on dualingo in the United States than there are people learning languages across all us high schools combined."
"We're basically getting the rich people to pay for the education of everyone. So I like that."
"In the case of languages, if you were a waiter and you learn English, now you can be a waiter at a hotel and make more money."
Luis von Ahn 的愿景是将语言学习的成功模型复制到所有基础学科。他认为,教育中许多关键能力的习得本质上都依赖于“重复”:
"Most things that you can learn through repetition you can actually gamify and turn into something like dual lingual where people just do it a lot and do it fun."
"My hope is that as Humanity we can do what dual lingo has done for learning languages but for all other subjects where we can get people to learn math with mobile phones."
"I hope for a future in which screen time is not a bad thing in which we can deliver high quality education to everyone rich or poor using a mobile phone."
作者指出,教育在现实中往往沦为一种变相的阶层固化工具。在许多国家(尤其是贫困国家),教育并非公平分配的公共资源,而是可以被“购买”的商品。富人能够通过购买高质量的教育来确保其后代继续持有财富;而穷人由于经济限制,往往只能接受极低水平的教育(甚至仅能达到识字程度),导致他们无法获得高薪工作,从而陷入贫困的恶性循环。这种资源获取能力的巨大差异,使得教育不再是促进社会流动的梯子,反而成了拉大贫富差距的壁垒。
Duolingo 选择外语学习主要基于两个关键考量。首先是极高的市场需求:全球有约20亿人在学习外语,受众基数庞大。其次是学科的即时经济回报性:与数学或科学等学科不同,语言能力的提升能产生直接的经济效益。作者解释说,数学往往需要结合物理、工程等后续专业知识才能变现,而外语(尤其是英语)具有独立变现的能力。例如,一个普通的体力劳动者或服务员,只要学会了英语,就能立刻进入更高薪的国际酒店或旅游行业工作,这种立竿见影的收入提升效果是其他基础学科难以比拟的。
在贫穷国家,英语不仅是一门语言,更是一种改变命运的经济杠杆。它能直接将个人的收入潜力提升到一个新的层次。由于英语是全球通用的商业语言,掌握英语意味着个人可以跨越本地低端劳动力市场的限制,进入与国际接轨的高薪服务领域。这种技能的习得不需要漫长的学术积累(如成为工程师的过程),而是能迅速转化为实实在在的工资增长。因此,对于贫困人口而言,英语是打破阶层枷锁、改善生存现状最直接且最具操作性的路径。
Duolingo 采用了“免费增值”(Freemium)模式。在这种模式下,任何人都可以免费获取完整的教育内容,但需要观看广告;而希望获得更流畅体验的用户则可以支付订阅费以去除广告。这种模式巧妙地实现了“财富再分配”:订阅收入绝大部分来自于美国、加拿大等富裕国家的富有用户,而这些资金被用来支持巴西、越南、危地马拉等发展中国家的用户免费学习。创始人 Luis von Ahn 认为,传统教育往往因昂贵的学费而加剧阶级不平等,而 Duolingo 通过这种“富人资助穷人”的机制,打破了经济实力的壁垒,让全球所有阶层都能平等地通过学习(尤其是英语这种能直接提升收入潜力的语言)来改变命运。
“西兰花”象征着对人有益但通常枯燥、难以坚持的教育内容;“甜点”则象征着像 TikTok、Instagram 等极具成瘾性、能提供即时快感的娱乐应用。作者认为,智能手机教学的核心痛点在于“注意力竞争”:在同一个设备上,教育软件必须与人类历史上最顶尖的“成瘾药物”(社交媒体和游戏)争夺用户时间。为了解决这一痛点,Duolingo 并不试图改变教育的本质,而是借鉴社交媒体和游戏的心理机制,通过游戏化关卡、趣味互动和即时反馈,将原本枯燥的重复性语言练习包装成具有吸引力的娱乐体验,从而让用户在面对娱乐诱惑时仍能坚持完成学习任务。
Duolingo 深度运用了多种行为心理学技巧来维持用户参与度:
作者认为,教育类应用并不需要完全达到 TikTok 那种极致的成瘾水平(例如只需达到其 80% 或 90% 的参与度),因为“学习”本身带有一种娱乐应用所缺失的特质:意义感(Meaning)。当人们在社交媒体上刷两个小时视频后,往往会感到空虚并觉得在浪费时间;而学习能给人带来长期的成就感和自我提升的驱动力。这种来自用户的内部动机(Internal Motivation)能够填补那最后 10% 到 20% 的参与度差距。因此,通过利用类似娱乐软件的心理学技巧(如连胜记录、推送通知等)来提供“美味的西兰花”,教育应用就能在保持意义感的同时,吸引数以亿计的用户。
作者指出,许多核心学科(如阅读、基础数学或物理)的掌握在本质上都依赖于成千上万次的重复练习。Duolingo 的成功核心在于将枯燥的重复过程“博弈化(Gamification)”。在数学或物理教学中,可以借鉴这种模式:将复杂的知识点拆解为微小的练习单元,并利用连胜(Streaks)、社交激励和个性化通知来促使学生每日练习。虽然复杂的原理解释可能仍需要视频辅助,但对于那些通过反复操练才能内化的技能,完全可以利用移动设备的便利性和心理反馈机制,让学生在碎片化的“屏幕时间”内,通过类似玩游戏的方式完成高质量的学科训练。
作者的愿景是彻底改变“屏幕时间”的负面定义,并以此实现教育公平。他希望未来的智能手机不再仅仅是娱乐和成瘾的媒介,而是成为向全球贫困人口输送高质量教育的终端。通过这种模式,可以绕过在贫困地区兴建实体学校的高昂成本。此外,他提倡一种财富再分配的商业模式:让富裕国家的用户通过支付去广告费用,来补贴全球贫困用户的免费教育。最终,他希望将语言学习的成功经验扩展到所有学科,构建一个无论贫富、任何人都能通过手机随时随地获得顶尖教育资源的未来世界。